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The Newar people or Newars (;〔("Newar" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 ) are the historical inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley and its surrounding areas in Nepal and the creators of its historic civilization.〔 Page 15.〕 The valley and surrounding territories constituted the former Newar kingdom of the Nepal Mandala.〔Slusser, Mary (1982). ''Nepal Mandala: A Cultural Study of the Kathmandu Valley.'' Princeton University. ISBN 978-0-691-03128-6. Page vii.〕 Unlike a common-origin ethnic group, Newars are a good example of a nation-community with relic-identity of a previously existing country.〔Granthavali-v-1-11(pb) vol-5, Hazari Prasad Diwedi, Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd, Jan 1, 2007, p.279〕 Newar community within it consists of various strands of ethnic, racial, caste and religious heterogeneity, as Newars of today are descendants of the diverse group of people that have lived in Nepal Mandala since prehistoric times. Indo-Aryan immigrants like the Licchavis and Mallas that arrived at different periods eventually merged with the local indigenous Newar population by adopting their language and customs. These immigrants retained their Indic heritage and brought with them their Sanskritic languages, social structure, Vedic religion and culture which has profoundly altered the history of Newar civilization.〔 Newar rule in Nepal Mandala ended with its conquest by the Gorkha Kingdom in 1768. Today, Newars are a linguistic and cultural community of primarily Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman ethnicities following Hinduism and Buddhism with Nepal Bhasa as their common language. Unlike other ethnic or caste groups of Nepal, they are a linguistic and cultural community that transcends religion, caste, ethnicity and cultural distinctions. Scholars have also described the Newars as a nation. They developed a division of labour and a sophisticated urban civilization not seen elsewhere in the Himalayan foothills. They are known for their contributions to art, sculpture, architecture, culture, literature, music, industry, trade, agriculture and cuisine, and left their mark on the art of Central Asia. According to Nepal's 2011 census, there are 1,321,933 Newars in the country. They are the nation's sixth-largest ethnic group, representing 5% of the population.〔 Page 4.〕 Recent mass migration into the Kathmandu Valley has resulted in the Newars becoming a minority in their homeland. Despite the high level of development, Newar culture and language are both under threat today. ==Origin of the name== The terms "Nepāl", "Newār", "Newāl" and "Nepār" are phonetically different forms of the same word, and instances of the various forms appear in texts in different times in history. Nepal is the learned (Sanskrit) form and Newar is the colloquial (Prakrit) form.〔 Page 7.〕 A Sanskrit inscription dated to 512 in Tistung, a valley to the west of Kathmandu, contains the phrase "greetings to the Nepals" indicating that the term "Nepal" was used to refer to both the country and the people.〔 Page 1.〕 The term "Newar" referring to "inhabitant of Nepal" appeared for the first time in an inscription dated 1654 in Kathmandu.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Newars )〕 Italian Jesuit priest Ippolito Desideri (1684–1733) who traveled to Nepal in 1721 has written that the natives of Nepal are called Newars.〔Desideri, Ippolito and Sweet, Michael Jay (2010). ''Mission to Tibet: The Extraordinary Eighteenth-Century Account of Father Ippolito Desideri, S.J..'' Wisdom Publications. ISBN 9780861716760. Page 463.〕 It has been suggested that "Nepal" may be a sanskritization of "Newar", or "Newar" may be a later form of "Nepal".〔 Page 353.〕 According to another explanation, the words "Newar" and "Newari" are vulgarisms arising from the mutation of P to V, and L to R.〔 Page 51.〕 As a result of the phonological process of dropping the last consonant and lengthening the vowel, "Newā" for Newār or Newāl, and "Nepā" for Nepāl are used in ordinary speech. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Newar people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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